Amperometric Glucose Biosensors: Past, Present and Future

Foundations of biosensor and its technological advancements thereof, was laid down by father of the biosensor, Professor Leland C Clark Jnr., in 1956 with advent of Clark oxygen electrode. The first biosensor dates back to 1962, when Clark and Lyons of the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital proposed the first enzyme based electrode to measure blood glucose[26]. The underlying principle being monitoring the oxygen consumption, during the oxidation of glucose, by glucose oxidase (GOx) entrapped between semipermeable membranes over an oxygen electrode. Since the pioneering work of Clark and Lyons, although a variety of techniques and methodologies focusing on improvements of signal transduction and immobilizations of the biomolecule for glucose biosensor are reported, still it has changed little in principle over several years.